This is because the red blood cells take approximately 120 days to recycle in the body. This recycling process happens at a cellular level throughout the entire body so that every cell that makes up your body is completely replaced every 7 years. The unchanged sample has many variables such as how hydrated you are, what you ate over the past day or so therefore we need to get the complete picture. This involves another test called the Mycotoxic Oxidative Stress Test or MOST. This is just a fancy way of saying we are looking for the acid wastes of yeast and bacteria and where they are settling in the body causing stress to those areas. We want to know how effectively your blood clots so we can get an idea of your overall constitution. Acids will show up in the blood in a number of ways either as white puddles or discoloration. Where acids settle the blood cannot coagulate leaving puddles the size and shape of these puddles represent the severity of cellular disorganization. The location of these puddles also corresponds to different organ systems within the body. We can look deeper into the organs and further back in time by letting the blood clot for thirty seconds before placing it on a slide. This way we are able to view conditions that have been developing over some time. In each condition we are not looking for patterns that lead to a Diagnosis in any form. We are merely looking for imbalances in pH levels in the blood. The tests are carried out by extracting a minute amount of capillary blood from the fingertip the same as a diabetic uses and placing it on a microscope slide and then observing it through two different optical modalities of a high powered microscope. The technique enables a microscopist as well a client to observe and analyze the features of the blood terrain by video monitor.

The blood which is viewed directly by the Analyst and the client or volunteer is alive, and not dead as in conventional chemical microscopic blood evaluation. Techniques of Live Blood Analysis can also view living microbial activity and their potential degenerative effects within the bloodstream. The presence of bacteria, fungi or parasitic forms observed in a live blood screening test is not diagnostic of an infection with any of these organisms. The blood and immune system is exposed to these organisms on a daily basis from the intake of food, municipal tap water, and the polluted environment of modern life. These organisms, when they enter the blood stream are generally inactivated by the immune systems army of white blood cells and antibodies. The mere presence of these bugs in the blood is not diagnostic of an infection. For a blood infection to be present, a great deal more than just microbial activity has to be observed. Microbial activity within the bloodstream does however give indications of an acidic compromised biological terrain suited for the growth and development of such microbial activity and their excreted exotoxins, and therefore unsuited for efficient cellular function which requires a balanced alkaline biochemistry. Skeptics of Phase Contrast and Dark Field Microscopy believe that the blood of most breathing, walking and functioning humans is completely sterile and that viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites could not possibly exist in the bloodstream. They argue that if parasites, candida yeast, fungi or bacteria were really present in the bloodstream that the patient should be lying in a hospital bed, perhaps dying of septic shock.

The only women who do not need regular Pap tests are women over age 65 who have had a number of normal Pap tests and have been told by their doctors that they don’t need to be tested anymore and women who do not have a cervix and are at low risk for cervical cancer. These women should speak to their doctor before stopping regular Pap tests. It depends on the type of hysterectomy or surgery to remove the uterus you had and your health history. Women who have had a hysterectomy should talk with their doctor about whether they need routine Pap tests. Usually during a hysterectomy, the cervix is removed with the uterus. This is called a total hysterectomy. Women who have had a total hysterectomy for reasons other than cancer may not need regular Pap tests. Women who have had a total hysterectomy because of abnormal cells or cancer should be tested yearly for vaginal cancer until they have three normal test results. Women who have had only their uterus removed but still have a cervix need regular Pap tests. Even women who have had hysterectomies should see their doctors yearly for pelvic exams. Aside from getting Pap tests, the best way to avoid cervical cancer is by steering clear of the human papilloma virus. HPV is a major cause of cervical cancer. HPV infection is also one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases or STD. So, a woman boosts her chances of getting cervical cancer if she starts having sex before age 18, as many sex partners as sex partners who have other sex partners, has or has had a sexually transmitted disease.

Neutropenia occurs more commonly in females than in males. Elderly individuals seem to have a higher incidence rate than younger individuals. It is found in blacks and in Yemenite Jews more frequently. It may be present at birth or can occur at any stage in life. The causes of Neutropenia can fall into three categories. Decreased production in the bone marrow resulting from a hereditary disorder, cancer, medications, radiation, or Vitamin B12, Increased destruction from aplastic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, and chemotherapy, Marginalisation and sequestration caused by hemodialysis. The causes are from the side effect of certain medications, such as diuretics or antibiotics, leukemia, viral infections, such as mononucleosis or AIDS, bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, and certain autoimmune disorders, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Neutropenia is present when there is a decrease in the production of white blood cells, destruction of white blood cells after they are produced, or the pooling of white blood cells. The symptoms of Neutropenia depend on the severity of the illness. The most common symptoms include fever, frequent infections, mouth ulcers, diarrhea, burning sensation when urinating, redness, pain or swelling around a wound, sore throat, shortness of breath, and chills. A doctor will be able to diagnose Neutropenia when doing a full blood count. This will involve the checking of the white blood cell count. Neutropenia is present when the neutrophil count is less than two thousand. If the diagnosis is uncertain, a bone marrow biopsy may have to be done to be certain. Treatment of Neutropenia is usually directed at the underlying cause of the aliment. There is no ideal treatment, if a person is a cancer patient receiving chemotherapy, and they develop Neutropenia, then they are given blood cell growth factors. Patients are also given high doses of antibiotics to combat the fever and fight off the infections. Neutropenia is a serious illness that occurs when the white blood cell count is compromised and low. It is important that the underlying cause of this aliment be discovered, that way a proper treatment regiment can be created for the individual.

Macrocytic Anemia symptoms and signs are attributable to the underlying condition that caused the anemia or to the anemia itself, including dyspnea, headache, fatigue, sore tongue, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. A clinical history of alcohol abuse may be an important clue in the diagnose and treatment because it used to be the cause of the increased mcv, the same as a thorough examination of the individual medication regimen, crucial in the workup of macrocytosis. Other physical signs include certain manifestations including glossitis, tachycardia, flow murmurs, splenomegaly, conjunctival pallor, and other neurological disorders such as ataxia, loss of deep tendon reflexes, particularly ankle reflex, loss of posterior column sensations, and confabulation. Since the cause that leads to Macrocytic Anemia is mainly vitamin b 12 deficiency, early diagnosis and prompt treatment to reestablish the normal vitamin levels and restore the body’s retention are significant to limit the severity of the anemia and neurological complications. Dietary deficiency of vitamin b 12 can result from the lack of intrinsic factor in individuals who have Pernicious Anemia or Megaloblastic Anemia or with post gastrectomy status, or malabsorption of vitamin b 12 secondary to small bowel, as well as overgrowth, tapeworm, familial factors, drugs, ileal bypass, ileal enteritis, or sprue or inherited disorders of DNA. Vitamin B12 is essential not only as a prevention to avoid the development of Macrocytic Anemia, but also as a part of normal nervous system functions and blood cell production. A well balance diet including the main sources of vitamin B12, such as eggs, meat, and dairy products, give to the organism the required amount absorbed by the body in healthy individuals. It must bind to intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by cells in the stomach. With mal-absorption condition the first signs appear in the form of paleness, shortness of breath, fatigue and weakness.

The prevalence of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adult men and postmenopausal women has been reported to range from ten percent to as high as twenty percent. Routine screening of all adults for microscopic hematuria with dipstick testing is not currently recommended because of the intermittent occurrence of this finding and the low incidence of significant associated urologic disease. Several factors can influence the microscopic detection of erythrocytes in urine. Procurement of a urine sample using a catheter may cause urethral trauma that result in variable degrees of hematuria. A clean catch midstream urine specimen should be obtained using aseptic technique to avoid contamination from the external genitalia. The first urine in the morning is typically the best specimen because erythrocytes are heat preserved in acidic and concentrated urine. A prolonged delay from specimen collection to analysis can result in a false test interpretation. When a urine specimen cannot be examined within one hour of collection, it should be refrigerated to prevent overgrowth of bacteria, changes in urinary pH and disintegration of red and white cell casts. These conditions may occur if the specimen remains at room temperature for a long period. Standardization of the analysis procedure is also essential to achieve an accurate result. Centrifugation is typically performed on a fixed volume of urine for five minutes at 3,000 rotations per minute, after which the supernatant is poured off and the remaining sediment is resuspended in the centrifuge tube by gently tapping the bottom of the tube. A pipette is used to sample the residual fluid and transfer it to a glass slide; a coverslip is applied to the slide for the microscopic evaluation. The specimen is examined under high magnification to determine cell type and distinct morphologic features. Results are recorded as the number of red blood cells per high power field. On phase contrast microscopy, erythrocytes may display morphologic features that are helpful in differentiating glomerular and nonglomerular causes of microscopic hematuria.. Dysmorphic erythrocytes are characterized by an irregular outer cell membrane and suggest hematuria of glomerular origin. Red blood cell casts are also associated with a glomerular cause of hematuria. Acanthocytes, which are ring formed erythrocytes with one or more membrane protrusions of variable size and shape, may represent an early form of dysmorphic erythrocytes and are a marker for hematuria of glomerular origin. Erythrocytes of uniform character are classified as isomorphic and suggest hematuria of lower urinary tract origin. Microscopic clots of clumped erythrocytes in urine are also suggestive of lower urinary tract bleeding. The presence of both dysmorphic and isomorphic erythrocytes in urine represents a mixed morphologic pattern of nonspecific origin The initial laboratory studies are determined by pertinent information obtained from the medical history and physical examination. Formal urinalysis is performed to document the degree of hematuria, determine the morphologic features of erythrocytes and evaluate urinary crystals and casts. If pyuria or bacteriuria is present, a urine culture with sensitivity testing should be obtained to rule out infectious urinary tract pathogens. Screening laboratory tests typically consist of coagulation studies, a complete blood count, serum chemistries and serologic studies for glomerular causes of hematuria as directed by the medical history. Further urologic evaluation is warranted if more than three red blood cells per high power field are found on at least two of three properly collected urine specimens or if high grade microscopic hematuria with more than 100 red blood cells per high power field is found on a single urinalysis. The only exceptions are children with persistent microscopic hematuria without proteinuria, in whom the most likely diagnoses include thin glomerular basement membrane nephropathy, idiopathic hypercalciuria, IgA nephropathy and Alport syndrome.